中空玻璃 是由兩片（或兩片以上）玻璃構成，中間用帶有干燥劑的間隔框隔開，周邊進行密封的玻璃制品。由于中空玻璃具有良好的隔熱保溫性能，近幾年來在我國新建建筑中廣泛使用。

　　中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)在使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)整個壽命周期中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要不斷受(shou)到外(wai)界(jie)環(huan)境腐蝕及外(wai)力(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)，在使(shi)(shi)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間后部分(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)會出(chu)(chu)(chu)現各種質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要有兩種：一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)密(mi)封(feng)性(xing)能失效(xiao)（氣體(ti)(ti)泄漏），使(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)產(chan)生(sheng)露點(dian)，并(bing)(bing)失去(qu)保溫隔熱功能；二(er)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)炸裂(lie)及外(wai)片(pian)整體(ti)(ti)脫落，容(rong)易造成嚴重的(de)(de)安全隱(yin)患(huan)。特別(bie)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)密(mi)封(feng)性(xing)能失效(xiao)會導致其(qi)承(cheng)載能力(li)(li)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，在外(wai)力(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，其(qi)外(wai)片(pian)更(geng)容(rong)易發生(sheng)整體(ti)(ti)脫落。因(yin)此，研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)承(cheng)載性(xing)能的(de)(de)基(ji)本理(li)論，了解中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)在外(wai)載作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)強(qiang)度特征及變(bian)形特征，合理(li)設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)尺(chi)寸(cun)，并(bing)(bing)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)層密(mi)封(feng)性(xing)能失效(xiao)現場檢測(ce)方法，對指(zhi)導中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)工程(cheng)應用(yong)，降(jiang)低中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)失效(xiao)概率，保證(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)安全可靠使(shi)(shi)用(yong)有著重要意(yi)義。為(wei)此，本文根據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)特點(dian)，分(fen)析了影響中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)承(cheng)載性(xing)能的(de)(de)各方面(mian)(mian)因(yin)素(su)，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)了采用(yong)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)面(mian)(mian)板中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)施加集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)荷載，通(tong)過觀測(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)內、外(wai)片(pian)變(bian)形量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)大(da)小或(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)層的(de)(de)厚度變(bian)化來(lai)評(ping)價中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)層的(de)(de)密(mi)封(feng)性(xing)能，并(bing)(bing)設(she)計了一(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)配(pei)套(tao)的(de)(de)檢測(ce)裝置。

　　中空玻璃承載性能分(fen)析

　　影(ying)響中空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)承(cheng)載性能的主(zhu)要(yao)因素(su)為(wei)中空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)強(qiang)度、中空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)剛度及中空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)中空(kong)(kong)層密(mi)封性能。

　　1.中空玻璃的強度(du)(du)及剛度(du)(du)

　　中空玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)強(qiang)度(du)是指中空玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)抵抗外載(zai)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)能(neng)力，剛度(du)是指中空玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)承(cheng)載(zai)變形的(de)能(neng)力。顯(xian)然，在玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)材料給定(ding)后，比如普通平板玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)或鋼化玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)，那么根據玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)強(qiang)度(du)設計(ji)理論，玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)原片(pian)(pian)的(de)斷(duan)裂強(qiang)度(du)就(jiu)確(que)定(ding)下(xia)來了(le)。因此，要使中空玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)承(cheng)載(zai)能(neng)力提高，就(jiu)必須在同載(zai)荷作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)使玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)表面彎拉應(ying)力更小(xiao)，這就(jiu)與中空玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)原片(pian)(pian)尺寸（各原片(pian)(pian)的(de)長度(du)、寬(kuan)度(du)、長寬(kuan)比與厚度(du)）及中空層厚度(du)有關。外載(zai)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)直接(jie)分配到每片(pian)(pian)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)上的(de)載(zai)荷大小(xiao)決定(ding)著中空玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)承(cheng)載(zai)能(neng)力。

　　由于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空玻璃(li)(li)(li)是由兩片（或兩片以上）玻璃(li)(li)(li)構(gou)成，周邊密封(feng)形(xing)成一(yi)個密封(feng)的空氣(qi)層，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空玻璃(li)(li)(li)在(zai)一(yi)面(mian)玻璃(li)(li)(li)受到載(zai)荷作用時(shi)，受力面(mian)玻璃(li)(li)(li)變(bian)形(xing)壓縮中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空層氣(qi)體，氣(qi)體壓強增(zeng)大，將部分(fen)載(zai)荷傳送給另一(yi)面(mian)玻璃(li)(li)(li)，因(yin)此在(zai)氣(qi)體密封(feng)狀態下，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空玻璃(li)(li)(li)是兩片玻璃(li)(li)(li)共(gong)同承擔載(zai)荷，兩片玻璃(li)(li)(li)同時(shi)變(bian)形(xing)。

　　2.中空層失效狀(zhuang)態下中空玻璃承(cheng)載特性(xing)

　　在中空層(ceng)氣體(ti)(ti)密(mi)封的(de)(de)情況下，氣體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)遞(di)作用(yong)能夠(gou)將一(yi)部分外荷載傳(chuan)遞(di)給另一(yi)片玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃，但(dan)是(shi)當(dang)氣體(ti)(ti)層(ceng)泄漏時(shi)，中空層(ceng)氣體(ti)(ti)則完全(quan)喪失了(le)傳(chuan)遞(di)荷載的(de)(de)作用(yong)，此時(shi)，中空玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃承(cheng)受荷載完全(quan)由直接受力的(de)(de)那(nei)片玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃承(cheng)擔(dan)。

　　顯然，此時(shi)的中空玻(bo)璃承受(shou)荷(he)載(zai)能(neng)力將會(hui)明顯下(xia)降。

　　通過(guo)試(shi)驗測量中(zhong)空玻璃（規格為6mm＋12mm＋6mm，尺寸(cun)為1000mmⅹ1000mm）在6kPa均布荷載(zai)作用下(xia)中(zhong)空層(ceng)在密封(feng)和泄(xie)漏情況(kuang)下(xia)內片玻璃（非承載(zai)一面）沿中(zhong)線上的(de)撓(nao)度值。此圖表(biao)明了在中(zhong)空層(ceng)氣體密封(feng)條件下(xia)內片玻璃的(de)撓(nao)度明顯大于泄(xie)漏狀態下(xia)的(de)撓(nao)度，泄(xie)漏后中(zhong)空氣體層(ceng)失去傳(chuan)載(zai)能力(li)，內片不受力(li)，幾乎沒有(you)變形。

　　3.環境溫、壓差對中空玻璃承載性能的(de)影響

　　即使(shi)不受外荷載作用，由于中空(kong)(kong)玻璃的(de)生產(chan)地域(yu)環境(jing)與使(shi)用地域(yu)環境(jing)存在(zai)差(cha)別(bie)，也(ye)會導(dao)(dao)致中空(kong)(kong)玻璃中空(kong)(kong)層氣體的(de)膨(peng)脹或收縮（見(jian)圖2），直接導(dao)(dao)致兩(liang)片(pian)玻璃原片(pian)產(chan)生變形(xing)和附加應力，嚴(yan)重(zhong)時會使(shi)兩(liang)片(pian)玻璃相互(hu)磕(ke)碰在(zai)一起，甚(shen)至導(dao)(dao)致玻璃破裂。

　　中空層失(shi)效在線檢(jian)測方(fang)法及裝置

　　由分析可知，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)層密封性(xing)能(neng)失(shi)效后改變(bian)了其承載性(xing)能(neng)，為(wei)此(ci)，提出了通過在玻(bo)(bo)璃板(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心施加集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力方法并觀測中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃內(nei)外(wai)片變(bian)形或中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)層厚(hou)度變(bian)化(hua)，來識(shi)別中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)層是否密封。

　　為達到(dao)在(zai)線(xian)檢(jian)測中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)玻璃中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)層密封(feng)性(xing)能，檢(jian)測裝置(zhi)主要包括施力裝置(zhi)和中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)玻璃變(bian)形(xing)觀測裝置(zhi)。

　　（a）是現場給幕墻(qiang)或門(men)窗中(zhong)(zhong)空玻璃施(shi)加(jia)(jia)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)力(li)裝置(zhi)(zhi)構成示意圖，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)力(li)裝置(zhi)(zhi)采用螺(luo)旋(xuan)加(jia)(jia)力(li)方式。這個(ge)檢測裝置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)設(she)一用于跨設(she)安裝在(zai)幕墻(qiang)附框上的(de)(de)有(you)(you)足夠剛(gang)度的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)桿，在(zai)導(dao)(dao)桿兩端(duan)各設(she)有(you)(you)一掛(gua)鉤，掛(gua)鉤可在(zai)導(dao)(dao)桿上自由移(yi)動(dong)。掛(gua)鉤上裝設(she)吸(xi)盤(pan)，導(dao)(dao)桿的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)段配置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)螺(luo)旋(xuan)加(jia)(jia)力(li)器(qi)，螺(luo)旋(xuan)加(jia)(jia)力(li)器(qi)上的(de)(de)螺(luo)紋(wen)桿與導(dao)(dao)桿垂直，螺(luo)紋(wen)桿前(qian)(qian)端(duan)設(she)一柔性墊片，尾端(duan)連接(jie)施(shi)力(li)螺(luo)旋(xuan)手柄，通過轉動(dong)施(shi)力(li)手柄推動(dong)螺(luo)紋(wen)桿前(qian)(qian)進；螺(luo)紋(wen)桿中(zhong)(zhong)段放置(zhi)(zhi)力(li)傳感器(qi)用以獲取施(shi)力(li)大小。

　　（b）是另一(yi)(yi)(yi)種現場給幕墻(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)空玻(bo)璃施加集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)力(li)(li)裝置(zhi)構(gou)成示(shi)意圖(tu)，其中(zhong)(zhong)加力(li)(li)裝置(zhi)采用(yong)砝碼加力(li)(li)的(de)方式。這個(ge)檢(jian)測裝置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)設一(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)由(you)兩部分組成，為拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)和(he)壓(ya)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)和(he)壓(ya)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)端用(yong)鉸鏈(lian)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)，使兩桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)以相互旋轉并得(de)到不同的(de)角度(du)。拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)端設有(you)掛鉤(gou)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)真空吸(xi)盤(pan)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)可(ke)吸(xi)固(gu)在(zai)玻(bo)璃上(shang)，在(zai)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)鉸鏈(lian)處(chu)設有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)掛鉤(gou)，掛鉤(gou)和(he)掛繩(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)端連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)，在(zai)掛繩(sheng)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)端也設有(you)掛鉤(gou)，掛鉤(gou)上(shang)可(ke)放置(zhi)砝碼。調節(jie)拉(la)壓(ya)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)角度(du)，使壓(ya)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)與(yu)檢(jian)測玻(bo)璃平面相垂(chui)直，增減砝碼可(ke)得(de)到給玻(bo)璃施加的(de)不同的(de)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)力(li)(li)。

　　通過(guo)給(gei)使(shi)用中(zhong)的中(zhong)空玻(bo)璃(li)一面施(shi)加集(ji)中(zhong)力，同時記(ji)錄中(zhong)空玻(bo)璃(li)內外片中(zhong)心(xin)的撓度(du)值（最大撓度(du)）或中(zhong)空層厚度(du)，中(zhong)空玻(bo)璃(li)變形可采(cai)用位移傳感器觀測(ce)，中(zhong)空層厚度(du)可采(cai)用空氣(qi)層厚度(du)觀測(ce)裝置測(ce)量。